ADHD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that can significantly impact daily functioning and development. It typically emerges in childhood and can persist into adolescence and adulthood, though symptoms and their severity may vary over time. ADHD affects people across genders, cultures, and socioeconomic backgrounds, with estimates suggesting it affects around 5% of children and 2.5% of adults worldwide.

One of the hallmark symptoms of ADHD is inattention, which manifests as difficulty sustaining focus, being easily distracted, and often making careless mistakes in school, work, or other activities. Individuals with ADHD may struggle with organizing tasks and activities, often appearing forgetful or losing important items. These challenges can lead to academic underachievement, workplace difficulties, and strained interpersonal relationships.

In addition to inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity are core features of ADHD, particularly in children. Impulsivity can manifest as difficulty waiting for one's turn, blurting out answers before questions are completed, or interrupting others in conversations or games. Hyperactivity may present as excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or an inability to stay seated in situations where it is expected. While hyperactivity tends to decrease with age, impulsivity and inattention may persist into adulthood.

The exact causes of ADHD are not fully understood, but a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors likely contribute to its development. Research suggests that genetics play a significant role, with ADHD often running in families. Brain imaging studies have shown differences in brain structure and function in individuals with ADHD, particularly in regions responsible for attention, impulse control, and executive function.

Diagnosing ADHD involves a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare professional, typically a psychiatrist or psychologist, who assesses symptoms, considers their impact on daily life, and rules out other possible explanations. Diagnosis relies on criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which includes different subtypes of ADHD based on predominant symptoms—predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, or combined presentation.

 Managing ADHD effectively often requires support from family, educators, and healthcare providers. Psychoeducation plays a crucial role in helping individuals and their families understand ADHD, develop coping strategies, and set realistic goals. Strategies such as creating structured routines, breaking tasks into smaller steps, and using visual reminders can help individuals with ADHD better manage their symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.